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adjectives: · strong inflection · weak inflection · comparison ·
adjectives: STRONG INFLECTION
Eventhough there is only one adjectival declension two paradigms are given below. That's because certain two syllable adjectives - namely those that have a short second syllable (= those ending in -agr, -igr, -ugr, -all, -ill, -ull, -inn and a few more) - use a syncopated stem (without the second vowel) when the ending begins with a vowel. Therefore auðigr 'wealthy' has the stem auðig- when the ending does not begin with a vowel, like in the nominative auðig-r, but the stem auðg- in for example the dative plural form auðg-um.
When the endings are attached to the stems certains assimilations occur. When the stem ends with /n/, /l/, /r/ or /s/ the /r/ of an ending is assimilated to it. When the masc. nom. sing. ending -r is added to the stem mikil- we get mikill. When the fem. gen. sing. ending -rar is added we get mikillar etc. In the same way /n/ + /r/ is /nn/ and /s/ + /r/ is /ss/.

sing.sing.
nom.lang-rlöng-lang-tnom.auðig-rauðig-auðig-t
gen.lang-slang-rarlang-sgen.auðig-sauðig-rarauðig-s
dat.löng-umlang-rilöng-udat.auðg-umauðig-riauðg-u
acc.lang-anlang-alang-tacc.auðg-anauðg-aauðig-t
plur.plur.
nom.lang-irlang-arlöng-nom.auðg-irauðg-arauðig-
gen.lang-ralang-ralang-ragen.auðig-raauðig-raauðig-ra
dat.löng-umlöng-umlöng-umdat.auðg-umauðg-umauðg-um
acc.lang-alang-arlöng-acc.auðg-aauðg-arauðig-

All adjectives, including perfect participles, ending with -inn and -ill, are inflected like ganginn. It's syncopated just like auðigr, but three endings are different: the masc. sing. acc., and the neutr. sing. nom. and acc. The adjectives ending with -ill also end with -inn and -it in those cases. The 2nd /a/ in gamall turns into an /u/ in some cases (the u-umlauted ones), and this /u/ u-umlauts the root vowel /a/ into /ö/.
sing.sing.
nom.ganginngangin-gangitnom.gamallgömul-gamal-t
gen.gangin-sganginnargangin-sgen.gamal-sgamallargamal-s
dat.göngn-umganginnigöngn-udat.göml-umgamalligöml-u
acc.ganginngangn-agangitdat.gaml-angaml-agamal-t
etc.etc.

like langr:like auðigr:
· grimm 'cruel'
· hvass 'sharp'
· rauðr 'red'
· fagr 'beautiful' ; the /r/ is part of
the stem - fem. plur. fagrar
 · langr 'long'
· góðr 'good'
· stórr 'large'
· heill 'whole, healthy'
· perfect participles of weak verbs
 · auðigr 'rich'
· mikill 'big, mighty'
· gamall 'old' ; fem. nom. sing. gömul
· blóðugr 'bloody'
· perfect participles of strong verbs

The va-stem adjectives aren't that many. They differ from the pure a-stems only in having a /v/ in front of all endings beginning with /a/ and /i/. The masculine plural ending thus is -vir in stead of -ir. :
· kvikr 'alive'
· hár 'high'
The ja-stem adjectives are not very common. They only differ from the pure a-stems in having a /j/ in front of all endings beginning with /a/ and /u/. The feminine plural ending thus is -jar in stead of -ar. :
· ríkr 'mighty'
· nýr 'new'

The ON (and germanic) strong adjectival paradigm is a mixture of nominal and pronominal endings.
masc: sing: nom: -aR < -az < -os ; gen: -as < -as/-es < -oso/-eso ; dat: =plur. ; acc:
masc: plur: nom: -êR (with -R from other plurals) < -ai < pronominal plur. -oi ; gen: -êRô < -aizõn < (pronominal form) -oisõm ; dat: -umR < -omiz < -omes ; acc: -an < -ans < -ons
fem: sing: nom: -u < -ô < -â ; gen: ; dat: < (i-e. pronominal form) ; acc: -ô < -ôn < -âm
fem: plur: nom: -ôR < -õz < -ãs (-â+es) ; gen: -êRô < -aizõn < (pronominal form) -oisõm ; dat: -ûmR < -ômiz < -âmes ; acc: =nom.
neut: sing: nom: =acc. ; gen: =masc. ; dat: ? ; acc: -at < -ata/-atô < i-e. pronominal form
neut: plur: nom: =acc. ; gen: -êRô < -aizõn < (pronominal form) -oisõm ; dat: -umR < -omiz < -omes ; acc: -u < -ô < -â
© Peter Pettersson